Mesenchymail Stem Cell

Exosomes is a kind of membranous vesicles with a diameter of about 30~150nm that are released to the outside of cells after the fusion of intracellular polyvesicles and cell membrane fusion.

Discoveried in 1983, R.M. Johnson discovered a membrane structure of small vesicles in sheep reticulocyte cultured in vitro. In 1987, he named it "exosomes".

Exosomes, represent a great resource for regenerative medicine based on their accessibility, self-renewal potential, low immunogenicity, high proliferative rate and potential to differentiate on multiple lineages. Their secretome is rich in chemokines, cytokines and protein growth factors that are actively involved in regeneration processes. In addition, part of this secretome are also the exosomes, which display high content in proteins, messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Due to their content, exosomes promote tissue regeneration by different mechanisms, either by activating or inhibiting several signaling pathways involved in wound healing, extracellular matrix remodeling, immunomodulation, angiogenesis, anti-apoptotic activity and cell migration, proliferation and differentiation. The use of Exosomes may provide an improved alternative to standard therapies used in regenerative medicine, as a cell-free new approach with multiple possibilities to be modulated according to the patient needs. This review offers an updated overview on the functions and applications of Exosomes in all areas of tissue regeneration,

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